In the few studies that have examined this, the incidence of diagnosed alcohol use disorders at age 12 and under is close to zero in the general population ( Cohen et al., 1993 Giaconia et al., 1994 Sung et al., 2004). For example, there is little evidence that children exhibit problematic levels of involvement with alcohol such as alcohol abuse or dependence. In developmental research investigating escalation of alcohol involvement, it may well be appropriate to examine different alcohol use behaviors for children than for adolescents. Several reviews have established quite clearly that children have definite attitudes about alcohol drinking, stereotypes about drinkers, and schema and expectancies concerning the effects of drinking ( Lang and Stritzke, 1993 Maisto and Carey, 1985).
This widespread use of alcohol and the possibility of negative consequences make it necessary for us to develop a better understanding of the progression into alcohol use among children and adolescents.ĭevelopmental studies have shown that children as young as 3 to 5 years old can recognize alcoholic beverages by their smell ( Fossey, 1994 Noll et al., 1990), that children as young as 3 have developed alcohol schema ( Zucker et al., 1995), and that children as young as age 8 have developed a concept of alcoholic drinks ( Jahoda and Cramond, 1972 Fossey, 1994).
and Europe to have had at least some experience with alcohol ( Hibell et al., 2004 Johnston et al., 2006). There is evidence that it is normative for teenagers in the U.S.
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